IJRE – Vol. 2, Issue 3, March 2013

APA format is a standard set of conventions for formatting manuscripts. It contains detailed instructions for in-text citation references, references lists, pagination, margins, hierarchy of subheadings, running heads, etc. It has been adapted across a large number of disciplines (notably not including medical texts and journals, which have their own set of standardized conventions) for two reasons. First, there is a recognized need for standardization of these formatting parameters in order to make it easier for readers to be able to understand scholarly texts with the greatest possible ease and efficiency. Second, given this need, APA has developed an extremely thorough and comprehensive manual to accomplish this, and editors in other disciplines don’t need to waste time reinventing the wheel by developing alternative parallel formats. In addition, APA is conscientious about periodically updating their format manual, for example to incorporate references to material found on the World Wide Web, which did not exist when the first version of the manual was published.

The APA format manual is lengthy and complex but well-indexed and very explicit. It can be purchased online from a variety of sources and is available at most university bookstores. Brief guides may also be purchased and found online through your favorite search engine using keywords ‘APA formatting’.

Investing in your future by hiring an editor who is an expert in APA formatting as well as in the correct use of the English language can turn an average thesis into an excellent thesis. It pays to ensure that what many people consider to be one of the most important writings of their lives is of the highest quality possible. {end-tooltip}

Broadly speaking, the purpose of teachers is to help students learn by imparting knowledge to them and by setting up a situation in which students can and will learn effectively. But teachers fill a complex set of roles, which vary from one society to another and from one educational level to another. Some of these roles are performed in the school, some in the community.

• Roles in the school or university
• Mediator of learning
• Disciplinarian or controller of student behaviour
• Parent substitute
• Confidant to students
• Judge of achievement
• Organizer of curriculum
• Bureaucrat

Teaching is not a mechanical process. It is an intricate, exacting, challenging job. Teaching can’t be boiled down to a convenient formula of “telling and testing”. It is the complex art of guiding pupils through a variety of selected experiences towards the attainment of a widening field of learning. Here the author wants to introduce the basic of teaching work. {end-tooltip}

The aim of the present study is to construct and standardize literary interest inventory to measure literary interest of the higher secondary school students. The sample consisted of 3119 students studying in the higher secondary school of Gujarat state in the year 2012-13. Sample was selected via multistage techniques. Norms were established for the selected sample. The field of the present study is psychological Testing the present study is a quantitative research and falls in the category of applied research. The present study was a survey type research.

Initially 143 items were prepared for literary interest inventory. In piloting, inventory consisting of 100 items with 10 components was administered on 400 students. After item analysis, literary interest inventory was prepared consisting 80 items with 10 components.

The Test-retest reliability of the inventory was found 0.87 the split half reliability was found 0.96 face validity was also obtained through the opinions of 21 experts. The criterion related validity was 0.85 whereas teacher criterion validity was 0.86 percentile rank, standard score and stanine scores were obtained of the students for the range of scores between 150 to 400.Thus, the literary interest inventory for higher secondary school students was standardized. {end-tooltip}

• The Subject is not neutral: it imposes its own discipline. Early mathematics is linear, for example, because you have to learn to count before you can do anything else. Some other subjects allow you to sequence the curriculum with more freedom.
• The Learner has her or his own attributes, motivation and baggage, and these may or may not “fit” with the subject and/or the teacher. The Learner is usually also part of a wider class group of other learners, which may help or hinder (or indeed be irrelevant to) the learning process.
• The Teacher too has her or his own values, preferred approach to learning, history of learning the Subject, and level of skill.
• All this takes place within a Context, which may define the reasons for the teachinglearning (compulsory schooling and the National Curriculum), the desired outcome (expressive, as in “learning for its own sake” or instrumental “I need the qualification for a better job”), and the power relationship between the Teacher and the Learner(s).{end-tooltip}

1. Setting up of District Institutes of Education and Training (DIETs) to organize pre-service and in-service courses for elementary school teachers and for personnel working in nonformal and adult education.
2. Strengthening of Colleges of Teacher Education (CTEs) and development of about 50 of them as Institutes of Advanced Studies in Education (IASEs).
3. Revitalization of State Councils of Education, Research and Training (SCERTs).
4. Mass Orientation of School Teachers (MOST) under a planned programme to be implemented under the supervision of NCERT.
5. Establishment and Strengthening of Departments of Education in the Universities through University Grants Commission (UGC).{end-tooltip}

In modern English usage, the word “environs” is used as a noun to mean “the surrounding area” (Without having once seen the sun shine on the city or its environs). So the “environment” is the things that “environ” us, that encircle or surround us, whether just within a few feet or on the Earth as a whole (air, plants, animals, etc.). Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack clear-cut boundaries, such as air, water, and climate, as well as energy are all the parts of the environment. The author wants to convey the ways to stop the various types of pollution via this article.{end-tooltip}